人体积极性启发式定义
人 - 积极性启发式是一种比他们所属的群体更积极地评估个人人的倾向。Psychologist David Sears coined the phrase in 1983 because he noticed that results of political polls typically show that although respondents hold political institutions such as the U.S. Congress in low regard, they often have positive impressions of the individuals (senators and representatives) who make up those institutions. The person-positivity heuristic also occurs in evaluations of other types of political figures (governors, mayors), in college students’ evaluations of their professors, and even in people’s evaluations of small groups of physically attractive and unattractive women.
Person-Positivity启发式应用程序
一个人的阳性启发式的解释是人们倾向于认为自己与其他人相似,因此,越仔细地是“人”,越来越积极地评估它。例如,学生课程评估表明,课程一般不喜欢以及教导他们的教授。课程不举例说明人格的概念以及教授所做的概念,因此学生在自己和教授之间更加常见,而不是自己与课程。个人或机构的群体不像个人就像一个人一样。However, because groups and institutions are composed of individual people, they have more personhood than do objects (for example, a car), abstractions (for example, gravity), or an individual person’s possessions (for example, a professor’s office) or products (for example, the course a professor teaches). Consequently, groups and institutions are liked less than the individuals who compose them, but are liked more than inanimate objects, abstractions, or possessions. For example, Sandra Day O’Connor, who was an individual member of the U.S. Supreme Court, is higher on personhood than her decisions are, and the Court itself falls between Justice O’Connor and her decisions in personhood. The Court as an institution should therefore be liked less than Justice O’Connor, but liked more than her decisions are.
人-正性启发式的例外和重要性
当人们评估是高度被评为群体成员的个人时,不太可能出现人的积极效应。在这些情况下,否则赋予个人的阳性奖金消失。例如,美国总统在高度方面举行,但美国国会不是。调查表明,美国的个别总统并没有比他们持有的办公室更积极地评估,而国会的个体成员比国会更积极地评估。身体上有吸引力的人似乎并不从人体积极的启发式那里受益匪浅,因为他们不那么有吸引力的同行。
人 - 积极性启发式在理解政治态度和投票行为方面一直很重要。人们讨厌政治家,但对个人政客有这么高的关注,通常难以取消现任办公室持有人。这位启发式也揭示了人们如何有关于一个群体的负面刻板印象,但同时有积极的印象,有时甚至与不矛盾的团体的个人成员关系。
引用:
- Granberg, D., & Holmberg, S.(1990)。人的积极性和主要行为人假设。应用社会心理学,20,1879 -1901。
- 米勒,C.T.,&Felicio,D. M.(1990)。人物 - 积极偏见:人们比群体更好吗?实验社会心理学杂志,26,408-420。
- 西尔斯(1983)。person-positivity偏见。人格与社会心理学杂志,44,233 -250。