大多数运动员将在体育职业生涯中遇到一个或多个主要挫折或逆境。例如,精英运动员可能会经历危及危险的伤害,因为表现不佳,或需要搬迁到另一个国家继续在运动中搬迁到另一个国家。尽管有可能对一个人的发展轨迹产生负面影响和逆境,但在某些情况下,对于一些运动员来说,对一个人的典型功能或性能水平的主要攻击并不总是导致负面结果。为什么有些运动员在面对这些重大袭击时,一些运动员从逆境中反弹或经历最小的中断?这个概念弹力是应对这些需求和挑战的核心。虽然仍有关于正式定义的相当大的辩论,但大多数当代概念化中的共同主题揭示了韧性封装了一个人的重新获得或维持了相对稳定,健康的心理和身体水平的能力。
历史观点
大约40年前对弹性的科学研究从儿童“危险”的研究(即负面成果的概率增加)进行精神病理学,往往是由于家庭或贫困等精神病史如精神病史如诸如精神病历史的因素。在这一调查中,研究人员观察到对正常功能的损伤程度的显着变化程度从适应性或适应的情况下的不适性结果。Intrigued by cases of positive outcomes despite risk or adversity, researchers subsequently advanced the study of resilience in four major waves: (1) identifying protective factors within individuals (e.g., optimism, self-efficacy), the family (e.g., socioeconomic status, parenting style), and communities (e.g., neighborhood qualities, public health system) that contribute to positive adaptation in the face of risk or adversity; (2) understanding the processes by which positive adaptation occurs across the life span; (3) evaluating the effectiveness and efficacy of interventions designed to protect or promote positive functioning among individuals, groups, or communities; and (4) integrating the first three waves of research across multiple levels of analysis and across disciplines including genetics, neurobiology, sociology, and cultures.
在运动中的恢复力
对运动的抵御能力的科学研究通常缺乏在父母纪律的其他地区在养殖和不间规度心理学等地区证明的实证和理论势头。通过同时整合当代概念化的两个核心组件,只有少数研究在体育中进行了系统地调查了恢复力,即(1)暴露于大量风险或逆境和(2)返回,维持或获得正调整或运作。尽管如此,通过单独但相关的探究性探讨来产生相当大的知识体验,检查弹性现象。
风险,压力源和逆境
暴露于急性和慢性压力的事件可以代表运动员发展和运作的重要风险来源。Recent research on the types of stressors inherent within sport contexts has revealed that elite athletes experience and recall more demands associated with the sport organization (e.g., qualities of the coach and coaching style, poor support networks, financial concerns) than with the competitive environment (e.g., injury, pressure to perform well). Injury and the processes involved in returning to competition represent a major agenda within the sport psychology (SP) literature, not surprisingly because the phenomenon entails a range of physical and psychological traumas. Aligned with current conceptualizations of resilience, empirical evidence has revealed that some athletes can and do withstand or recover from these stressors or adversities that threaten their normal levels of functioning or performance.
保护因素
研究人员透露,个人资源是了解个人如何有效接近和响应各种压力源和逆境的重要构建。Selfefficacy (i.e., one’s belief in his or her ability to perform a specific task), optimism (i.e., tendency to expect good things to happen), hope (i.e., motivational state encompassing the “will” and the “way” to attain personally important goals), and coping (e.g., ways in which people respond when confronted with stress) are among the most important and widely studied personal resources. Most recently, researchers have explored such influential personal resources through the conceptual lens of mental toughness, which is considered a reservoir of personal resources that enable individuals to produce consistently high levels of performance or goal attainment despite everyday challenges and significant adversities. However, unlike mental toughness, resilience is not solely a fixed collection of personal attributes; thus, one must also consider the influence of a multitude of external assets for understanding person–stressor and adversity transactions. Social support, which involves the exchange of resources between two individuals (e.g., parents, coaches, teammates), is one of the frequently studied external assets in sport contexts with regard to managing stressors and adversities. Collectively, research has revealed that these protective factors and external assets can have both direct and indirect (i.e., moderates the negative effects of stress on psychosocial functioning and performance) relationships with stress, adversity, and important outcomes.
结论
Research on the types of stressors and adversities (e.g., injury) experienced in sport contexts, and the various protective factors characteristic of elite performers and their psychosocial environment, has provided insights into the ways that athletes and coaches respond to and cope with assaults on their development or normal levels of functioning. Nevertheless, the conceptual integration of empirical evidence and theoretical discussions on these independent streams of research within a resilience framework represents an important next step to guide future work. For example, exposure to different types of risk or adversity may trigger different assets and protective factors and, as a result, contribute to different outcomes.
参考:
- Fletcher,D.,&Sarkar,M。(2012)。奥林匹克冠军的心理恢复力理论。运动和运动心理学,13,669-678。DOI:10.1016 / J.PSYCHSPORT.2012.04.007
- Goldstein,S.,&Brooks,R.B。(EDS。)。(2013)。儿童复原手册手册(第2号)。纽约:Kluwer /学术集水。
- Gucciardi,D. F. F.,Jackson,B. F.,Coulter,T. J.,&Mallett,C. J.(2011)。Connor-Davidson弹性规模(CD-RISC):与澳大利亚板球运动员的维度和年龄有关的测量不变性。运动和运动的心理学,12,423-433。DOI:10.1016 / J.PSYCHSPORT.2011.02.005。
- Reich,J.W.,Zautra,A. J.,&Hall,J. S.(EDS)。(2010)。成人弹性手册。纽约:桂福特。
- Resnick,B.,Gwyther,L.P.,&Roberto,K。A.(EDS。)。(2011)。衰老的弹性:概念,研究和结果。纽约:Springer。