体育和运动心理学(SEP)的研究和应用依赖于心理生理应用。通过复杂的技术(如正电子发射断层扫描(PET),脑电图(EEG)和磁性脑图(MEG),以及功能性能,通过复杂技术,血压(BP),血压(BP),皮肤传导(SC)和脑活动测量和测量脑活动的测量(FMRI)只有众多精神生理学措施中的少数措施,以更好地了解心理现象,并澄清运动和运动环境的机制。例如,研究唤醒与体育中的表现之间的关系的研究已经严重依赖于人力资源,以便在各种水平的生理活化或唤醒水平上进行分类。这项研究领域导致了个人在最佳的唤醒水平时表现最佳的想法,而不是太过而不是令人震惊。生理措施也在运动心理学中使用,以更好地了解运动对各种心理和心理健康结果的影响,包括情绪,焦虑,抑郁,认知功能和应力反应性。在所有这些研究中,敏感生理措施的微妙变化用于推断准备改变以表现或心理状态。这些微妙的生理反应被认为是情况或特定刺激的需求的函数,个人的倾向于以特定方式响应,以及两者之间的相互作用。个人响应陈规定型(IRS)或个人对某种情况或情况的证据的特定生理反应模式的趋势是纳入心理生理措施的所有研究或应用中的重要考虑因素。IRS的构建,也称为自主主义反应图案,导致了越来越识别,即某些心理生理国家的心理和健康意义更好地反映了在生理状态的多种措施的整体活动模式,而不是急性活动 response or sensitive change across only one or a select group of response domains, such as fluctuations in HR or SC. Complex patterns of physiological responses, which are determined by multiple factors, are thus best studied by incorporating multiple measures of physiological responding.
According to IRS, some individuals will respond to certain situations or conditions (e.g., anticipation of an upcoming event, performance of a difficult cognitive task, drawing of blood from the finger, rest) with the greatest degree of activity in the same physiological measure, regardless of the situation or stressor. This is particularly relevant for studies or applications that rely only on a few or unitary situations and response measures. As an example, in the area of stress reactivity, researchers have been interested in determining whether exercise or fitness are associated with blunted or altered cardiovascular responses to stress. When assessing BP responses to stress following acute aerobic exercise, it is important to determine not only baseline BP values (in order to assess change in stress-related BP following exercise) but also any individual difference variables that might influence BP responding. Individuals with borderline hypertension or essential hypertension tend to respond to stressful situations with greater increases in BP, particularly when compared to normotensive individuals. Assessing hypertension status would therefore be important. It is also important to note that individuals differ widely in both resting (tonic) and task-related (phasic) physiological responses. Understanding the factors that predispose some individuals to respond in unique ways helps inform the design of research studies as well as understand for whom and under what situations one person may perform optimally or realize the greatest benefits from exercise. This individual, unique pattern of responding has led to IRS being conceptualized as a physiological trait, or an enduring disposition of the body to show specific elicited physiological states or responses.
虽然并非所有研究都同意,但IRS的概念指出了几个重要的影响。首先,重要的是要认识到,在给定的反应测量中,个体不会随着生理反应性而随之而变化,也不会随着反应性模式而随之而异。相反,一些人可以在相同的响应度量或特定刺激中以最大的生理活化反应,而另一个人可以被认为是低响应者或非反应器。此外,对于从情况转换到情况的独特的生理反应模式存在强烈的趋势。这是因为即使不同情况的生理和心理需求可能是无关的。其次,美国国税局已更好地了解具体情况,熟悉情况以及有助于表达生理反应的行为选择的范围。这些因素可用于加强未来的实验设计,并在过度简化的生理措施下证明谨慎。未来的研究应该旨在阐明这些独特的响应模式的特定决定因素,并同时考虑IRS和情境需求。由于在心理生理学研究中衡量的生理反应的数量和选择,因此IRS的问题目前似乎没有严重关注,只要在心理生理学研究中测量的生理反应的数量和选择。此外,对IRS的关注突出了学习的重要性个体差异在SEP研究中。
参考:
- 戴维斯,R.C.(1957)。响应模式。纽约科学院的交易,19,731-739。
- Lacey,J.I.(1956)。自主反应评价:朝向一般解决方案。纽约科学院的年刊,67,125-163。
- 斯特恩,R. M.,Ray,W.J.,&Quigley,K。(2001)。综合性录音(第2 ED)。纽约:牛津大学出版社。