Psychological well-being (PWB) is defined as one’s level of psychological happiness/health, encompassing life satisfaction, and feelings of accomplishment. At the risk of being dualistic and separating physical well-being from PWB, it is helpful to note that physical well-being encompasses physical health, including disease states, fitness level, and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL). PWB encompasses the person’s perspective on life, including not only perceptions of physical health but also of self-esteem, self-efficacy, relationships with others, and satisfaction with life. A monistic perspective, wherein it is recognized that physical well-being and PWB are integrally interrelated, is preferable.
Subjective well-being (SWB) can be addressed from a primarily psychological perspective. Ed Diener suggested that SWB is comprised of the presence of positive affect, the absence of negative affect, and high levels of life satisfaction. However, research indicates physical well-being should be considered as well in evaluating PWB. The Roman poet Juvenal was correct in that萨诺(Corpore Sano)的男士萨纳(Sana)(“健康身体中的健全的思想”)是最可取的。普华永道可以从缺乏幸福感(在某些情况下都被确定为健康甚至精神疾病)到最佳幸福感,可能是达到亚伯拉罕·马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)所描述的自我实现状态的最佳状态。许多人会发现他们的PWB处于连续体的健康状态。朝着自己的心理潜力和平衡自己的生活和幸福(也许注意到积极的心理学方法)迈向平衡可能会使人们更接近最佳普华永道。Brian C. Focht还指出了普华永道与健康相关的生活质量(HRQOL)的联系。可以从运动和运动心理学(SP)框架中的许多角度检查“健全的思想”:评估身体能力,包括健身;社会关系;运动或运动身份的水平;各种领域的生活平衡,包括社会,工作或学术和精神;以及成就感和取得进步的感觉。
第一个观点涉及评估身体能力,包括健身。在运动和运动参与方面,PWB肯定会受到健身水平的影响,而且还受到个人执行ADL的能力的影响。能够执行ADL(例如自我保健或个人卫生,移动性,家务劳动)可能会影响一个人的普华永道。执行ADL的功能障碍可能会因独立性下降而降低PWB,并随后依赖他人和/或辅助设备来帮助完成ADL。人们期望普华永道高,以至于足够适合(适合心血管容量,肌肉力量,肌肉耐力和柔韧性),可以在首选运动和运动方式中执行。PWB级别可能会受到目标的影响。如果一个人正在努力提高运动或运动表现,那么PWB的增加将伴随着健身的增加(也许也与表现有关,这可能包括在给定运动或运动方面的技能发展,例如网球中的反手中风)。Bonnie G. Berger和David A. Tobar更广泛地解决了体育活动(PA)和生活质量(QOL)。
In terms of social relationships, most individuals desire some level of social interaction (e.g., No man is an island). PWB would be expected to be higher if a person has the level of social interaction desired. If an individual has fewer close friends than desired, however, then PWB would be expected to be lower. Social relationships and social interactions are often found in exercise and sport settings; examples include friendly get togethers for a Sunday basketball game or a bicycle ride in one’s area, or attending a local sporting event. Exercise or sport can be an excellent vehicle for meeting people, such as at a local health club or fitness center or at participatory events such as running road races or triathlons.
Athletic or exercise identity refers to the degree to which one identifies as an exerciser or athlete. The greater an individual’s identity is tied to her or his exercise or athletic existence, the greater PWB is likely to be affected by exercise or athletic performance as well as injuries or illnesses that might make participation challenging. Research indicates the desirability of individuals having other coping strategies for times when the exercise or athletic component of their lives is not going as well as desired.
Of particular importance is the balance in one’s life across a variety of domains, including social, work or academic, and spiritual. Life is a balance of the roles we play—work, family, religious or spiritual, exercise or sport, to name primary ones. Concerns might be raised if exercise–athletic identity is primary and other important areas of a person’s existence are excluded. It is important to attempt to be nonjudgmental and know the individual before deciding if someone’s life appears out of balance. If someone’s PWB is high due to the high priority given to one area of their existence (such as exercise or sport), then this should be acknowledged, assuming this is a conscious choice on the part of the individual. Sometimes, however, individuals find themselves drifting into one area of primacy, while neglecting other areas unintentionally. This can lead to exercise addiction in some cases, where a person has lost control of the activity and her or his life is seemingly governed by exercise or sport. A conscious decision-making process on allocation of time and energy to the various important areas of one’s life, including the role of exercise and sport participation, is critical to PWB.
成就感和潜在的潜力的潜在实现也与普华永道有关。普华永道可能与生活满意相关 - 也就是说,该人是否实现或达到了设定的目标?如前所述,该人是否在生命的一个或多个生命领域中发挥了她或他的潜力?在这个人拥有的程度上,她或他的普华永道将期望更高。这也可以涵盖运动或运动 - 实现自己的目标并在首选运动或运动追求方面发挥潜力,从而有助于增强的普华永道。
In summary, PWB is affected by an array of factors associated with physical and mental health. Exercise and PA and sport play key roles in both physical and mental health, and therefore have profound effects on PWB.
参考:
- Berger,B。G.和Tobar,D。A.(2007)。体育活动和生活质量:主要考虑因素。在G. Tenenbaum和R. C. Eklund(编辑)中Handbook of sport psychology(第3版,第598-620页)。新泽西州霍博肯:威利。
- Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities.Social Indicators Research, 31,103–157.
- Focht, B. C. (2012). Exercise and health-related quality of life. In E. O. Acevedo (Ed.),牛津运动心理学手册(第97–116页)。纽约:牛津大学出版社。
- Sachs, M. L., & Pargman, D. (1984). Running addiction. In M. L. Sachs & G. W. Buffone (Eds.),作为治疗的运行:一种综合方法(第231–252页)。林肯:内布拉斯加州大学出版社。
- Seligman,M。E. P.(2012)。蓬勃发展:对幸福和幸福的有远见的新理解。纽约:自由出版社/西蒙和舒斯特。