尽管在过去的40年里发生了自我效能研究的扩散,但最近(即,在过去十年左右)只有调查人员将注意力转向专门在关系背景下形成的额外疗效信念。The tripartite efficacy model provides a conceptual framework for the investigation of this issue and maintains that when individuals occupy a position within an instructional (e.g., coach–athlete, teacher– student) or cooperative (e.g., athlete–athlete) relationship, they develop an interrelated network of confidence beliefs. This network comprises their confidence in their own capabilities (see the entry “Self-Efficacy”), as well as two distinct关系效力关于他们正在互动的人的看法。首先是这些关系信念,称为其他疗效,指一个人在另一个人的能力上有多自信(例如,运动员对他或她的教练能力的信心)。运动员和教练常常在讨论比赛之前讨论他们在其重要的其他人的能力中有多少“相信”。另一个关系结构,即关系推断自我效能(上升),形成为个人估计他们认为对方有多自信。例如,在教练交流中,运动员形成了有关他们认为他们的教练作为运动员的能力的高度评估(例如,我认为我的教练真的相信我)。Due to the vagaries of interpersonal impression formation, our RISE beliefs may or may not align accurately with the other person’s actual confidence in our ability, and in that sense, this construct is classified as a metaperception insofar as it reflects an inference about another person’s thoughts. This entry presents an overview of the interrelationships between self-efficacy, other-efficacy, and RISE and integrates information on the theorized antecedents and consequences of individuals’ relational efficacy beliefs with existing research findings. The final section provides a summary of conceptual and empirical evidence for the existence of an additional relational efficacy construct (估计对方的自我效能,或EOSE),这在很大程度上是未开发的日期。
三方结构之间的相互关系
基于运动的调查与教练 - 运动员和运动员和运动员二进制人的调查通常在三方疗效构造之间展示了积极的相互关系,从而发现个人的其他效能和崛起的信念被发现与更高水平的自我效能感知有关。For instance, athletes have been shown to report greater confidence in their own ability when they believe that they are working under a highly capable coach (i.e., other-efficacy) and/or when they feel that their coach believes strongly in their ability (i.e., RISE). However, this does not always appear to be the case, and counterproductive relational outcomes have been documented when discrepancies exist between one’s self-efficacy and relational efficacy beliefs. Empirical evidence indicates that, within coach–athlete interactions, a minority of athletes may report strong self-efficacy beliefs尽管持有相对较低的其他疗效和崛起的评估。在这种情况下,当相对自然的运动员怀疑他们的教练的能力和他们的教练对他们的能力的信心,这似乎伴随着对关系冲突的高度看法,以及他们的教练的承诺和满足程度相对较低。
其他疗效的形成和后果
Other-efficacy beliefs are theorized to originate out of one’s experiences with significant others (e.g., athletes’ interactions with their coaches) and one’s perception of the other’s accomplishments, as well as through comparison processes and stereotyping (e.g., comparisons with previous coaches, perceiver tendencies). Interviews with members of international-level coach–athlete and athlete–athlete dyads have provided support for these proposed antecedents. For example, coaches and athletes have reported that their confidence in the other person is strengthened when they feel that person boasts a successful track record, compares favorably with their previous partners, appears to be highly motivated, and is held in high regard by third parties. In cooperative settings, experimental procedures have also demonstrated that individuals’ other-efficacy beliefs may be substantively influenced by the provision of feedback about the partner’s performance effectiveness (or ineffectiveness).
反过来,当个人在其伴侣,教练或运动员的能力中强烈相信时,这促进了一系列有益的内在和关系结果(特别是当“感知者”占据关系中的从属地位时)。从内侧角度来看,已经证明了一个人的其他疗效看法与自己的性能和动机水平以及积极情感状态(例如,享受)正面相关。在运动背景下,有关概念的相关研究代理疗效(即,对第三方的能力有效地代表一个人的能力的信心也表明,个人在对教练或从业者的能力方面非常有信心时,个人展示了更多的自适应运动意图和参与。
就关系结果而言,那些对其他人的能力充满信心的人也倾向于表现出更强烈的愿望与该人的关系,更高的信任和融洽关系,以及对其互动的更大享受。由于体育相互作用的相互依存性,研究还表明,一个人的其他效率评估可能会为这段关系中的其他人塑造结果。例如,当教练在运动员的能力中强烈相信时,这已被证明促进了运动员的更大的关系承诺和努力。这种效果可能通过因果链传播,由此,教练显示出在运动员的信心或她对运动员的信心,随后被运动员检测到这种行为,导致运动员的有利结果。
关系推断自效的形成和后果
上升评估不仅是目标个体的行为,而且是由于相关的感知者属性的结果。例如,运动员和教练似乎推断,当她或他提供积极的绩效反馈时,另一个人对他们的能力充满信心,展示了包容性和支持性的肢体语言,并给人的印象是她或他享有他们的互动。In addition, when individuals believe strongly in their own ability and are highly self-motivated, they also tend to believe that those around them are confident in their ability (e.g., I know I can do it, so why wouldn’t she be confident in me?). As with other-efficacy, RISE beliefs are theorized to account for a range of positive consequences. Most notably, as well as reinforcing one’s confidence in one’s own ability, individuals are more likely to feel comforted and reassured when they sense that the other person believes in their ability and as a result should report unifying relational perceptions (e.g., greater relationship satisfaction, perceived support, persistence intentions). These relational effects have been supported in existing qualitative sport-based research, as have a number of additional desirable outcomes in terms of elevated performance (e.g., if I feel that she believes in me, then that reassurance helps me to make decisions and do well when I’m competing) and motivation (e.g., when I think he’s confident in me, it makes me try even harder for him). Similarly, in high school physical education (PE) contexts, students have been shown to endorse relatively more self-determined motives for PE (i.e., participating primarily due to fun, interest, and enjoyment) when they believe that their teacher rates them as a highly capable student.
然而,在教练运动员的环境中,还有矛盾的证据表明,在某些情况下,崛起的信念可能会与不良关系后果一致。具体而言,在考虑升高的预测功能的情况下,根据教练运动员二元的角色(和相对地位),主持人分析揭示了运动员和教练的发散模式。当教练衡量的时候,他们的运动员对他们的教练能力充满信心时,它已被证明促进了这些教练的适应性关系(例如,更大的关系满意度和承诺)。然而,有时会发现运动员崛起估计,以展示与这些结果的反向关系,因为运动员可能会报告他们推断他们的教练在其能力中相信的强烈相信时提出了降低的承诺和满足感。对于这些运动员来说,强烈的上升评估可能会鼓励一定程度的自满程度,这在减少的关系承诺和满意度方面表现出来(例如,如果她不会进一步推动我,那么那点是什么点?)。或者,关于教练的强烈崛起评估也许是合理的,这一教练可能会加强运动员对自己的能力的信心,以便他们努力寻找能够进一步帮助他们进步并在更高水平上竞争的新教练。虽然这些发现出现了一些违反直觉,但他们非常值得注意,而且随着关系疗效文献持续增长,毫无疑问会进一步阐明。
对另一个人的自我效能的估计
虽然定性,观测和实验工作已经开始映射与教练,运动员,锻炼者和学生的其他疗效和崛起信仰相关的影响,但另一个潜在的关系疗效构建尚未得到系统的关注。这种构建,eose,代表了一个人对他或她的伴侣的自我效能水平的评估。为了说明这种类型的偏见性的性质,我们可能会考虑一位教练,他们认为他或她的运动员因自我怀疑而困扰。在这种情况下,教练并没有直接质疑运动员的能力(即其他疗效),也不是她或他担心运动员对他或她作为教练的能力的信心(即,上升);相反,她或他认为运动员似乎对自己的能力缺乏信心(例如,我的运动员看起来并不非常有信心她在这场比赛中所做的事情)。鉴于另一个人的自我效能的准确评估可能依赖于对相对微妙的行为线索的检测和解释,似乎在教练 - 运动员和运动员关系中的个人互相评估彼此的评估。In fact, research has demonstrated that athletes and coaches draw from many of the factors that contribute to their own self-efficacy beliefs when estimating how confident the other person is in his or her own ability (e.g., gauging the other person’s recent performances, verbal and nonverbal behavior, affective and physiological state). Interviews with members of elite sporting dyads have also revealed that individuals may feel more positive about their relationship, as well as more motivated and more confident in their own ability, when they believe that the other person is highly self-efficacious. On the other hand, when athletes and coaches appraise (rightly or wrongly) that the other person in their relationship is experiencing self-doubt, then this may result in elevated anxiety levels, interpersonal difficulties, and in some cases, relationship termination.
尽管迄今为止,迄今为止在运动中塑造个人成果和关系动态,但没有一项研究,这已经采取了全面的综合方法来研究体育中的关系疗效信念(即,通过衡量其他疗效,上升,和同时发育。然而,新兴文献表明,在理解运动和基于运动的相互作用方面的人际关系认知方面,三方框架具有相关性。
参考:
- Beauchamp,M. R.(2007)。体育中关系和集团背景下的疗效信仰。在S. Jowett&D. Lavallee(EDS),运动中的社会心理学(第181-193页)。Champaign,IL:人类动力学。
- 杰克逊,B.,&Beauchamp,M. R.(2010)。自我效能作为教练运动员和运动员关系中的差点。运动和运动心理,11,188-196。
- 杰克逊,B.,Myers,N. D.,Taylor,I. M.,&Beauchamp,M. R.(2012)。物理活动类中的关系疗效信念:三方模型的考验。运动与运动心理学,34,285-304。
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- Snyder,M.,&Stukas,A. A.(1999)。人际流程:社会互动中的认知,激励和行为活动的相互作用。年度审查心理学,50,273-303。