荣誉文化Definition
A culture of honor is a culture in which a person (usually a man) feels obliged to protect his or her reputation by answering insults, affronts, and threats, oftentimes through the use of violence. Cultures of honor have been independently invented many times across the world. Three well-known examples of cultures of honor include cultures of honor in parts of the Middle East, the southern United States, and inner-city neighborhoods (of the United States and elsewhere) that are controlled by gangs.
荣誉文化在许多方面都有不同。一些强调女性贞操在极端程度上,而另一些则没有。有些人对陌生人的热情好客和礼貌有很强的规范,而另一些人则积极鼓励对局外人的侵略。然而,所有荣誉文化的份额是对侮辱和威胁的核心重要性,以及以暴力或暴力威胁对他们做出回应的必要性。
侮辱和威胁在H文化中具有很大的意义onor, because of the environments in which cultures of honor develop. Such cultures develop in lawless environments where there is no central authority (such as the state) that can offer effective protection to its citizens. In such a situation, a person has to let it be known that he will protect himself, his family, and his property. Insults and affronts are important because they act as probes, establishing who can do what to whom. A person who responds with violence over “small” matters (e.g., an insult or an argument over a small amount of money) can effectively establish himself as one who is not to be messed with on larger matters. Thus, an effective response to an insult can deter future attacks, when the stakes may be much higher.
Many violent incidents in cultures of honor center on what might be considered a trivial incident to outsiders. Such matters are not trivial to the people in the argument, however, because people are defending (or establishing) their reputations. What is really at stake is something of far greater importance than a one-dollar debt owed or a record on the jukebox.
在荣誉文化中,声誉与男性气质高度息息相关。霍丁·卡特(Hodding Carter)的《南方遗产》(Southern Legacy)(1950年)中的一个轶事涉及1930年代的路易斯安那州法院案,卡特(Carter)担任陪审员。此事的事实很明确。被告住在加油站附近,并被那里的工人缠扰了一段时间。有一天,该男子受够了,向工人开火,杀死了一个人并炸伤了另外两个人。正如卡特所说的那样,此案似乎是开放和关闭的,因此卡特通过提出明显的(对他)有罪的判决来开始在陪审团的讨论中进行讨论。然而,其他11名陪审员对明显的判决有很大不同的想法,他们强烈而一致受到无罪释放。陪审员向卡特解释说,这个人不可以罪名 - 什么人不会开枪射击其他人?一位老年陪审员后来告诉卡特,一个男人不能因为他的权利而被判入狱。在各处的荣誉文化中,传统的男性气质是必须捍卫的美德。
各种民族志都详细描述了荣誉文化。例如,社会学家以利亚·安德森(Elijah Anderson)撰写了有关美国内城市荣誉文化的文章。人类学家朱利安·皮特·里弗斯(Julian Pitt-Rivers)和J. G. Peristiany在地中海地区撰写了有关荣誉的文章,并且可以在Peristiany的1966年著作《荣誉与羞耻:地中海社会的价值观》中找到一系列重要的论文。值得注意的是,这本书包括皮特·里弗斯(Pitt-Rivers),Peristiany和皮埃尔·伯多(Pierre Bourdeau)的章节,他们撰写了有关荣誉的文章,以及在阿尔及利亚Kabyle中的女性贞操的重要性。就像在许多地中海文化中一样,卡比尔(Kabyle)中姓氏的神圣性在很大程度上取决于其妇女的纯洁以及男人的保护和保护程度。在这样的文化中,耻辱家庭的女性可能会被其男性亲戚杀死,以试图清洁姓氏。
在实验性的社会心理学中,理查德·尼斯贝特(Richard Nisbett)和多夫·科恩(Dov Cohen)1996年的《荣誉文化》阐明了美国当代南部白人之间存在着一种荣誉文化。除其他证据外,它们表明,在美国南部的白人中,凶杀率较高,但仅用于涉及争吵,恋人的三角形和其他论点的杀人率(即,那些最有可能受到荣誉的杀人案)。他们还表明,与北方人相比,白人南方人更有可能认可暴力行为,因为北方人是为了应对侮辱或对家庭,家庭或财产的某些威胁而使用暴力。
在实验室研究中,他们表明,美国南部大学的学生比北方大学的学生更有可能在受到侮辱时以积极的方式做出反应。侮辱涉及一个实验性同盟国,他在走廊上行走时撞到了实验参与者,然后将参与者称为专员。南方学生对北方学生的侮辱显然生气(85%比35%)的可能性是两倍以上。他们更加认知地攻击侵略,以更暴力的结局完成场景。他们表现出了睾丸激素水平(一种与侵略性,竞争和优势相关的激素)和凹凸后皮质醇(与压力和唤醒相关的激素)的激增。此外,南方人随后走下走廊并遇到了另一个实验性同盟(6英尺3英寸高,重250磅)时也变得更加积极。
Finally, the researchers also showed that the laws and social policies of the South were more lenient toward violence than those of the North. This is important, because social policies may be one way the culture of honor is carried forward, even after the originating conditions (the lawless environment of the frontier South) have largely disappeared.
References:
- Anderson, E. (1994, May). The code of the streets. Atlantic Monthly, 5, 81-94.
- Daly,M。和Wilson,M。(1988)。杀人。纽约州霍桑(Hawthorne):Aldine de Gruyter。
- Gilmore, D. (1990). Manhood in the making: Cultural concepts of masculinity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- Peristiany,J。G.(1966)。荣誉和羞耻。芝加哥:芝加哥大学。