以数值和百分比为单位的美国人口特征发生了很大的变化,这反映了国家历史上空前的人口复杂性。美国总人口中有31%由种族和种族少数民族组成。此外,美国总人口中有11%是外国出生的;其中,有51.7%来自拉丁美洲,26.4%来自亚洲。历史上,美国第一次经历了大部分的儿童和年轻人,这些儿童和年轻人不是欧洲血统,并且不会说日耳曼语(包括英语)或斯拉夫语作为第一语言。
人口变化
Changes in the information collected in the most recent U.S. Census, such as mixed-race status, same-sex couples, and grandparental caregiving, have provided a rich, albeit complex, demographic landscape. Some of the demographic changes influencing the research, teaching, and practice of counseling psychology are summarized in this section.
种族和种族
有色人种与白人的比例从1900年的每8人中的1人中增加到2000年的每3人中。从1980年到2000年的88%的非白人和拉丁裔/A人口。亚洲和太平洋岛民的人口增加了两倍,而白人人口在1970年至2000年之间下降了12个百分点。此外,选择在2000年人口普查中选择多个种族群体的选项确定了680万(2.4%)多种族个体。美国种族和种族多样性的增加主要归因于拉丁美洲和亚太岛屿的前所未有的国际移民率以及这些群体的较高出生率。拉丁裔/AS是包括任何种族的种族类别,是人口中增长最快的人群,从1980年的6.4%增加到2000年总人口的12.5%。
年龄
老年人的比例正在增加,年轻人的比例正在减少,尤其是对于白人群体而言。自1900年以来65岁及65岁以上的人数增加了10倍,在2000年总计3500万,占人口的12.4%。预计在2010年代婴儿潮一代开始接近常规退休时,该数量将大幅增加年龄。自1900年以来,15岁以下儿童人口的比例已下降,从2000年的每3(35.5%)个人中的1(35.5%)下降到每5(21.4%)中的1个。移民种族多样性的增长已经增加还影响了美国的年龄组成,年龄较小的队列比老年队列的有色人种比例更高。拉丁美洲人/年龄最小的年龄最大,在15岁以下(32%)以下的儿童百分比最高,而非拉丁裔白人的年龄中位年龄最大,15岁以下儿童的百分比最低。
家庭和家庭结构
2000年美国人口普查反映了家庭组成的越来越复杂。所有家庭中有52%由已婚夫妇组成,而9%的耦合家庭由未婚夫妇组成,这一数字从1990年到2000年增加了63%。未婚夫妇的数量可能更大家庭负责人及其伴侣。非洲裔美国人和美洲原住民/阿拉斯加印第安人的未婚夫妇的比例分别为16.9%和17.4%,而亚洲人的报道率最低,为4.7%。一人家庭的增长最大,在2000年占所有家庭的26%。此外,在2000年人口普查中,每9个被称为未婚伴侣夫妇组成的家庭中有1个是同性工会。在4个同性伴侣中,大约有1名是18岁以下的育儿儿童。
About 5.8 million grandparents were identified as living with their grandchildren in the U.S. Census 2000, and 2.4 million were identified as the primary caregivers of these children. Grandparents residing with their grandchildren and serving as caregivers were more common with non-Whites and Latinos/as. However, Latino (35%) and Asian (20%) grandparents living in mutigenerational households are less likely to be caregivers than African Americans (52%) and Native Americans/Alaskan Natives (56%).
心理保健需求和使用
来自不同研究的发现融合了未满足的心理保健需求的高度流行。
Forty-six percent of adults in the United States are predicted to meet diagnostic criteria for a mental health disorder in their lifetime, according to findings from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The Survey also found that only 41% of adults in need of mental health services received treatment with rates of unmet need greater for ethnic and racial minority groups, the elderly, and the poor. Data on mental health service use for children and adolescents are even more disheartening, with 79% of those with mental health needs going unmet. Similar to the adult population, ethnic/racial minority children and adolescents have higher rates of unmet mental health needs (African Americans 76.5%, Latinos/as 88.4%, Other 89.7%) than Whites (76%).
种族/种族少数群体的地位,低教育水平和低收入与心理健康服务的过早终止有关。例如,一旦开始服务,就发现非裔美国人的家庭的流失率大于50%。还发现非洲裔美国人更有可能接受低质量的精神病护理,这可能部分解释了高流失率。作为拉丁裔/A,尤其是墨西哥血统的A,与心理健康服务的低使用有关。发现只有15%的墨西哥移民和37%的美国出生的墨西哥裔美国人患有精神疾病,可以从全科医生,精神卫生专业人员,其他专业人员或非正式的帮助者那里获得护理,以满足其心理健康需求。
In addition, findings from the McArthur Foundation National Survey of Midlife Development in the U.S. suggest that individuals with minority sexual orientation (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual) have higher prevalence rates of major depression, panic attacks, psychological distress, and generalized anxiety disorder than do heterosexual men and women. Lesbians, gay men, and bisexual individuals have been found to use mental health services more than their heterosexual counterparts and account for 7% of adults between the ages of 25 and 74 receiving mental health services.
对咨询心理学的影响
The demographic characteristics of counseling psychologists in the United States, as reflected in the membership to American Psychological Association’s Society of Counseling Psychology, suggest that approximately 11% of counseling psychologists at the doctoral level self-identify as non-White or Latino/a, falling short of reflecting Census 2000 data by two thirds. The average age of counseling psychologists (57 years) reflects the fact that 78% of members are White, which is the oldest racial group in the United States. This high number of older members also suggests that the number of younger people entering the field is relatively low and that fewer counseling psychologists will be available to address the needs of Latinos/as, Asians, and Blacks, who are the youngest groups, and of individuals with minority sexual orientations in the near future.
最近的研究表明,治疗师/辅导员与客户之间的族裔匹配不是精神卫生服务使用或过早终止治疗的强大预测指标,这表明具有文化胜任和响应式护理可能比种族或种族或种族或种族更为预测和继续服务。辅导员的身份。这种对文化能力和文化反应式护理的重视对培训中的心理学家具有两个主要影响。首先,它建议将重点放在民族特异性或少数民族群体特异性(例如具有少数族裔性取向的人)心理健康需求和计划发展。其次,它强调了咨询心理学培训计划在课程特定的参与和治疗保留策略以及少数民族特定问题的关注中的重要性越来越重要。此外,美国日益增长的种族和种族多样性以及女同性恋,同性恋者和双性恋个人的知名度更高,指出需要招募更多的年轻人加入该行业。
参考:
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