如果个人对咨询或心理学的职业感兴趣,他们可以追求各种程度。这些领域非常多样化,为希望获得硕士学位或博士学位的人提供了许多机会。
硕士
有许多不同的硕士课程课程可以培训学生的基本咨询技能。这些计划的重点是社区咨询,临床咨询,夫妻和家庭疗法,成瘾咨询和职业咨询等领域。计划将提供艺术硕士(M.A.)或理学硕士学位(M.S.)。个人还可以获得社会工作硕士学位(M.S.W.)。通常,完成咨询,心理学或社会工作的硕士课程需要2到3年的全日制课程和受监督的实习。
Licensure varies from state to state for master’s level clinicians, but, generally speaking, after completion of a master’s program from an accredited university, a candidate may apply for licensure after 1 to 3 years of postgraduate experience supervised by a licensed clinician and after successful completion of the state licensure exam. With a master’s degree in counseling or psychology, one can obtain one of two licenses in most states: licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) or licensed professional counselor (LPC). If an individual possesses a master’s degree in social work, he or she may obtain licensure as a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW).
在各种环境中获得社会工作或心理学学科硕士学位的个人,包括社区心理健康机构,指导咨询中心,住宅治疗设施以及药物和酒精治疗设施以及医院,仅举几例。
Doctoral Degree
在咨询和心理学方面,还有各种博士课程,其中一些可以在个人获得学士学位后开始,而另一些则需要首先获得硕士学位。应用心理学博士课程包括学校心理学,咨询心理学,临床心理学和工业组织心理学。在所有50个州,博士学位是获得许可心理学家的入门级学位。只有获得专业心理学博士学位(临床,咨询,学校或工业组织)并满足各种许可要求的个人才能称自己为“心理学家”。该标题受国家许可委员会的保护和监管。这种监管的理由是保护公众免受未经培训的人的身份来对待心理问题的人
大多数学校的心理学学位是由大学内部的教育系提供的,候选人赢得了哲学博士学位(博士学位)或教育博士(Ed.D。)学位。学校心理学家是评估和治疗儿童和年轻人的学习和行为问题的专家。尽管学校心理学家最常受学校系统使用,但也可以在医院,大学,社区心理健康中心和私人实践中工作。在某些司法管辖区,个人有可能在没有博士学位的情况下作为学校心理学家练习。这些人获得了教育专家学位(Ed.S.),在学校工作中工作时只能被称为学校心理学家。
临床和咨询心理学方案通过大学内的教育或心理学系提供。这些课程最常见的程度是博士学位。但是,心理学博士学位(PSY.D。)变得越来越普遍。从历史上看,PSY.D.和博士程序是PSY.D.计划更多地关注临床技能的发展,而不是研究技能。博士计划专注于培训临床医生,但他们也更加重视研究技能的发展。而博士学位之间的这些区别 and Psy.D. programs in clinical and counseling psychology generally remain, there is variability in the amount of emphasis a program places on the science and practice of psychology within each degree. There currently are Psy.D. programs that require their candidates to complete a research-based dissertation, and there are Ph.D. programs that permit their candidates to complete clinical case studies in lieu of a dissertation.
Clinical psychology programs educate students on mental health assessment and treatment. Historically, clinical psychologists emphasized the assessment and treatment of individuals with chronic psychiatric conditions. While some clinical psychologists still specialize in working with individuals who have severe psychopathology, others have specialized in helping less impaired individuals deal with life crises and stages. Clinical psychologists work in a variety of settings, including academia, private practice, mental health centers, and hospitals.
咨询心理学计划倾向于强调心理治疗和研究方法的培训。咨询心理学家通常与患有调整问题的人一起工作,而不是严重的心理病理学。这些心理学家通常在学术界,大学咨询中心,社区心理健康中心,医院和私人执业中受雇。
Individuals who get degrees in clinical, counseling, or school psychology may then enter a subspecialty in psychology. Some common subspecialties include forensic psychology, health psychology, and neuropsychology.
法医心理学家也在各种环境中工作。这些人在惩教设施中充当临床医生,担任审判律师的顾问,担任陪审团审判的专家证人,并制定有关心理学和法律的公共政策。一些法医心理学家拥有法学医生学位(J.D.)以及临床或咨询心理学学位。美国有一些计划提供并发计划,因此个人可以同时获得这两个学位。
健康心理学家对心理变量如何影响健康促进和预防疾病进行了专门培训。这些人对心理学如何促进和维持健康生活以及预防和治疗疾病感兴趣。健康心理学家为希望停止吸烟,减肥,减轻压力或保持身体健康的个人设计计划。这些人受康复中心,公共卫生中心,学术界,医院和私人执业的雇用。专注于儿童治疗的健康心理学家的个人被称为儿科心理学家。
Neuropsychologists have specialized training in neurology and psychology. Their practice emphasizes how brain disorders and trauma may be manifested in a client’s behavior, personality, and cognitive functioning. Neuropsychologists have developed various specialized assessment instruments that are intended to better isolate the likely region of brain dysfunction or differentiate between types of functional impairments that have resulted from brain impairments.
Finally, industrial-organizational psychologists, or I/O psychologists, are interested in the relationship between individuals and their work environments. These psychologists might work to increase workplace productivity while improving quality of life for the worker. Frequently, they play a role in personnel selection. I/O psychologists are employed by companies, businesses, government agencies, and academic settings.
Individuals can also obtain mental health doctoral degrees in fields that are outside of psychology. Two such fields are social work and counselor education. The Ph.D. is the most common degree for a doctorate in social work. Social work programs tend to take a broader, systematic perspective in helping individuals deal with emotional, health, and adjustment issues. These individuals are trained to help clients identify and qualify for various types of assistance. The entry level degree for social work is the M.S.W., so most individuals seeking a Ph.D. in social work are doing so because they want to work in an academic environment.
对于获得辅导员教育博士学位的个人来说也是如此。辅导员教育者可以与各种客户(儿童,青少年,夫妻和家庭)一起在各种环境(医院,心理健康诊所,私人执业)中获得执照,并在各种环境(医院,心理健康诊所,私人执业)中工作。辅导员教育者可以成为LPC的许可。由于LPC许可证的入门级学位是硕士学位,因此大多数人都在寻求博士学位。在辅导员教育中,希望在学术环境中工作,他们将专门研究寻求硕士学位的学生。
References:
- Lloyd,M。A.(2002)。心理学和相关领域的硕士和博士职业。可用http://www.psywwwww.com/careers/masters.htm
- Lloyd, R. R. (2006). A guide to psychology and its practice. Retrieved fromhttp://www.guidetopsychology.com