换岗is a term used to describe an arrangement of working hours that differs from the standard daylight working hours (i.e., 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.). Organizations that adopt shiftwork schedules extend their normal working hours beyond the traditional eight-hour shifts by using successive teams of workers. Notable examples of organizations that adopt shiftwork schedules include hospitals, fire stations, and police stations. However, forces such as industrialization, new technologies, and the increasing global economy have contributed to the creation of a society that operates 24 hours a day. This 24-hour society has led to an increase in the need for shiftwork. In fact, it is currently estimated that 15% to 30% of all workers in industrialized societies are involved in some type of shiftwork. Although shiftwork remains more common in certain occupations (e.g., process-control industries, emergency services, transport), the growth of shiftwork systems is expected to continue at a rapid pace.
组织采用的移位系统类型在各种特征(例如班次的数量和长度)上有所不同。例如,一个组织可能会采用两个12小时的轮班,而另一个组织可能会采用三个8小时的轮班。变速系统也可能在换档旋转方向和速度上有所不同。将员工时间表从早晨转移到晚上转移到夜班的换档系统具有向前的旋转,而逆时针旋转(即,夜间到早晨)旋转的轮班会向后旋转。关于旋转速度,换档系统分为三个主要类别:(a)永久性换档系统(例如,永久性夜班);(b)缓慢旋转的移位系统(例如,每周旋转);(c)迅速旋转的班次系统(例如,一名员工在星期一的早晨,星期二和星期三的夜班以及周四和星期五的夜班工作)。
最近对Shift Systems的评论提出了有关Shiftwork系统设计的五个一般建议。首先,似乎应该尽可能减少夜间工作。但是,如果不可能,组织应采用快速旋转的系统。其次,应避免长距离(例如9至12小时)。第三,灵活的工作安排应与换档系统集成。第四,应避免在同一天内发生变化,并且连续工作的数量应受到限制。最终建议表明,正向旋转是最可取的。
尽管转移系统在前端的员工中仍然非常受欢迎,因为他们似乎提供了一定程度的灵活性,但研究调查工作发现,此类时间表对个人和组织都产生了负面影响。与Shift Systems相关的问题分为三类:昼夜节律的干扰,身体和心理不适以及社会和家庭破坏。
Disturbance of Circadian Rhythms
大量研究调查了轮班工作对单个昼夜节律的影响。一般而言,人类作为一种习惯性睡眠的物种已经发展了数千年,白天醒着。地球围绕太阳的旋转产生了24小时的浅黑色周期,该循环由人体内在并形成天然的内部时钟。所有人类的昼夜节律通常均显示固定相关关系。例如,体温在晚上8:00左右达到峰值,所有其他昼夜节律在适当的时间达到最大,使我们最终在晚上入睡。
由于环境时间提示与内部计时系统之间的不匹配,转移工作人员出现问题。尽管自然的浅黑暗周期,时钟时间和其他社交提示可能保持不变,但转移工作者的工作和睡眠的时机延迟。有证据表明,如果发生的话,对移位工人的身体时钟的调整很慢。环境与内部时钟之间的不匹配与诸如睡眠剥夺之类的负面结果有关。
心理和身体不适
大多数早期关于转移工作成果的早期工作都集中在探索转移者的态度,例如工作满意度。这项研究表明,通常,尽管工人欢迎前提转移系统的想法,但他们通常对他们的工作不满意,而不是非求职者。此外,研究通常表明,心理和情绪困扰伴随着转移工作。但是,这些影响通常很小。一些研究未能发现转移工人和非临时工之间的任何心理差异。例如,最近的两项研究发现,在情绪变化和抑郁症状的变化方面,转移工人和非临时工之间没有差异。因此,尽管总的来说,尽管有证据表明,转移工人通常对自己的工作不那么满意,但其他情感和心理成果(例如抑郁症)几乎不会受到影响。
更多的研究探索了轮班工作的身体后果。研究发现睡眠受到转移工作的极度破坏。通常,许多身体功能在白天处于最高水平。因此,个人通常很难在白天睡觉,因为他们试图在对昼夜节律不自然的时候睡觉。这种缺乏优质睡眠的最突出的结果是慢性疲劳。
Chronic fatigue is linked with greater incidence of physical injury. In general, a greater number of serious job-related injuries occur among employees who work night shifts. Additionally, night shift workers are more likely to be involved in automobile accidents on the drive home from work than day shift workers. Thus, the increased risk of injury seems clear. However, several potential confounds must be considered— for example, night shift workers are often less experienced and work with less supervision.
到目前为止,与Shiftwork有关的最普遍的健康投诉是胃肠道问题。根据最近的一项研究,夜间有20%至75%,转移工人抱怨胃肠道问题,例如不规则的肠运动和便秘,而不是10%至25%的非ift刀工人。尽管一些研究发现白天和胃肠道疾病中的转移者之间没有差异,但共识是,这些类型的疾病在转移和夜间工作的种群中更为普遍。提高的一种解释是,转班工人的定期饮食时间表较少,并且可以使用健康食品。
The relationship between cardiovascular disease and shiftwork has also been explored. Though there has been much debate, recent studies all seem to support a relationship between shiftwork and cardiovascular disease. Many characteristics of shiftworkers are considered predictors of cardiovascular disease (e.g., poor eating habits, gastrointestinal disorders, sleeping disorders, less favorable working conditions). Thus, the risk of cardiovascular disease should be a concern for shiftworkers.
除了慢性疲劳,损伤,消化系统疾病和心血管疾病外,Shiftwork还显示出对女性的生殖周期(例如,月经疼痛增加和妊娠率下降)以及影响药物活动和有效性。后一点表明,持续的转移或夜间工作可能与疾病的有效治疗不相容。
社会和家庭破坏
In addition to the psychological and physical effects, shiftwork is related to several social and domestic variables. For example, although organizations may believe that it is advantageous to operate on a 24-hour schedule, estimates place the cost of shiftwork among U.S. companies at $70 billion per year. Research has shown higher rates of absenteeism among shiftwork-ing populations. Thus, the $70 billion cost results in part from lost productivity because of absenteeism and higher medical bills because of increased injury and accidents. Not only are many of these job-related accidents harmful to the company and dangerous for the worker, but also these careless accidents can have detrimental societal consequences. Additionally, shiftwork is associated with a decreased ability to balance work and nonwork responsibilities. In fact, divorce rates for shiftworkers are up to 60% higher than those for day workers.
个体差异和社会支持
已经证明,几个个体差异变量对换档计划和结果之间的关系很重要。这些个体差异变量中有几个涉及单个CIR-Cadian类型。例如,早晨或偏爱早晨睡觉时,早晨起床上升,与难以适应夜间工作相关。此外,睡眠柔韧性(即,在不寻常的时期睡眠的能力)和活力(即克服嗜睡的能力)预测了个人对转移工作的容忍度。
In addition to differences in circadian type, age and personality are frequently investigated individual differences. With regard to age, the older an employee is, the less tolerance he or she will have for shiftwork. Over the age of 50, it becomes increasingly difficult for individuals to alter their sleep-wake cycles. In addition, many physical ailments increase with advancing age, and this increase in physical problems affects older individuals’ ability to adjust to shiftwork. In general, it is recommended that shiftwork be voluntary after the age of 40. With regard to personality, it has been found that introverts are generally more morning oriented than extroverts, making it more difficult for them to adjust to shiftwork. Neuroticism has also been linked to lower levels of shiftwork tolerance. However, some evidence suggests that neuroti-cism is an outcome of prolonged shiftwork exposure. Thus, the exact role that neuroticism plays in shiftwork tolerance is not yet understood.
Another individual difference variable that has been explored is the amount of social support an individual experiences. In general, results suggest that supervisor support is extremely important in buffering the negative effects of work stress, and the positive effects of support seem to be particularly important for shiftworkers. Thus, it is extremely important to encourage supervisors to take an active interest in the well-being of their shiftworkers.
概括
研究表明,转移工作对个人,组织和社会产生负面影响。这些效果很严重。但是,这并不意味着应该放弃轮班工作。对于许多组织而言,轮班工作是必要的。这些组织不仅需要了解个体差异如何影响转移工作的耐受性,而且更重要的是,如何设计一个对员工微不足道的转移系统。尽管已经进行了一些研究,但研究人员应将注意力集中在设计最佳转移系统上。
参考:
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